What Happens to Your Investments If the Stock Market Crashes?

More than half of U.S. investors feel pessimistic about the market’s future, according to the most recent weekly survey from the American Association of Individual Investors, published on March 18, 2026. That figure is an increase from 46% last week and just 35% two weeks ago.

With Americans feeling increasingly concerned about potential volatility, it’s wise to know what, exactly, might happen to your investments during a market crash or recession. For those with money invested, there’s good and not-so-good news.

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Nobody knows what the market will do in the short term. However, if we face a bear market, crash, or recession, your investments will almost certainly lose value.

In some cases, that volatility can be severe. During the Great Recession, for example, the S&P 500 lost more than half of its value between 2007 and 2009.

In other words, if you’d had $10,000 invested in an S&P 500 ETF in December 2007, that investment would have been worth around $4,600 by March 2009.

The good news, however, is that losing value is not necessarily the same as losing money. The only way to lose money in the stock market is to sell your investments for less than you paid for them.

In the previous example, if you’d bought your S&P 500 ETF shares for $10,000 and sold them for $4,600, you’d have locked in losses of more than $5,000. But if you’d simply held your investment until the market recovered, it would have regained all of its lost value without you losing anything.

In fact, if you’d invested $10,000 in an S&P 500 ETF in December 2007 and held it for 10 years, you’d have more than doubled your money.

A long-term outlook is your best friend when you’re investing in the stock market. No matter how rough the short term may be (and it can be nauseating at times), the market as a whole is all but guaranteed to see positive total returns over a decade or two.

The market itself has a flawless track record of recovering from crashes and recessions, but that doesn’t mean that each individual stock will pull through. If you’re investing in shaky companies that aren’t strong enough to survive volatility, there is a good chance you’ll lose money during a recession.